ScienceDaily (Nov. 11, 2009) — In an advance that could one day enable surgeons to reconstruct
and restore function to damaged or diseased penile tissue in humans, researchers at Wake Forest
University Baptist Medical Center's Institute for Regenerative Medicine have used tissue
engineering techniques to completely replace penile erectile tissue in animals.

In the online early edition (Nov. 9-13) of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,
the researchers report success using cells from rabbits to grow replacement penile erectile tissue
for the animals in the laboratory. After implantation with the replacement tissue, the rabbits had
normal sexual function and produced offspring. This is the most complete replacement of
functional penile erectile tissue reported to date.

"Further studies are required, of course, but our results are encouraging and suggest that the
technology has considerable potential for patients who need penile reconstruction," said Anthony
Atala, M.D., institute director. "Our hope is that patients with congenital abnormalities, penile
cancer, traumatic injury and some cases of erectile dysfunction will benefit from this technology
in the future."

Reconstructing damaged or diseased penile erectile tissue has traditionally been a challenge
because of the tissue's unique structure and complex function. There is no replacement for this
tissue that allows for normal sexual function. Various surgeries have been attempted, often
multi-stage procedures that can involve a silicone penile prosthesis, but natural erectile function
is generally not restored.

The Wake Forest Baptist scientists set out to solve this problem by working to engineer
replacement erectile tissue in the lab. In an earlier study, also in rabbits, they engineered short
segments of erectile tissue that had 50 percent of the function of native tissue. The current study
attempted to improve on those results.

The Wake Forest Baptist team was the first in the world to engineer a human organ in the
laboratory –bladders that have been implanted in almost 30 children and adults. Many of the
same techniques used to build bladders were used in the current study.

The scientists first harvested smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells, the same type of cells
that line blood vessels, from the animals' erectile tissue. These cells were multiplied in the
laboratory. Using a two-step process, the cells were injected into a three-dimensional scaffold
that provided support while the cells developed. As early as one month after implanting the
scaffold in the animal's penis, organized tissue with vessel structures began to form.

The cells were injected into scaffolds on two separate days, enabling them to hold almost six
times as many smooth muscle cells as in the previous studies -- which the scientists believe was a
key to success. During an erection, it is the relaxation of smooth muscle tissue that allows an
influx of blood into the penis. The relaxation is triggered by the release of nitric oxide from
endothelial cells.

"Increasing the density of smooth muscle cells led to normal erectile pressures within the tissue,"
said Atala, who is also a professor and chair of urology at Wake Forest Baptist.

Functional testing of the implanted tissue showed that vessel pressure within the erectile tissue
was normal, that blood flowed smoothly through it, that the response to nitric oxide-induced
relaxation was normal as early as one month after implantation, and that veins drained normally
after erection.

When the animals with the engineered tissue mated with females, vaginal swabs contained sperm
in eight of 12 instances and four of the 12 females were impregnated.

"These results are encouraging," said Atala. "They indicate the possibility of using
laboratory-engineered tissue in men who require reconstructive procedures. A lack of erectile
tissue currently prevents us from restoring sexual function to these patients."

The erectile tissue the scientists engineered is known as the corpora cavernosa penis. Two
columns of this sponge-like tissue form a significant part of the penis. These structures, which
are bound together with connective tissue and covered with skin, fill with blood during erection.

Co-researchers on the project were Kuo-Liang Chen, M.D., China Medical University Hospital in
Taiwan, Daniel Eberli, M.D., University of Zurich, Switzerland, and James Yoo, M.D., Ph.D.,
with Wake Forest. Chen and Eberli were both at Wake Forest at the time the research was
conducted.